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GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of 63
Vessels
Types of Vessels •
Generally speaking a veBse/ can be classified according to tha purpose she serves.
The most common purposes are:
transportation of cargo or/and passengefa;
assistance and service {by so called ”special purpose ves8efsg;
3) the catching of fish (fishermen);
- paaoe keeping (warships).
Furthermore we san make the disttnctlon between sea-goiog vaase/s and vessels for aaaatal frade
and/or inland wetomays.
1)Transportation
Llnera and Tramps
Vessels that have been designed to bansport cargo or/and passengers are called memfiant she
They may be claeslfled as liners or fzampa
A liner carried cargoes between two fixed das//ria/io
Her sa/ling Schedule hae been prearisnged - she has a hired homeport, port of deatinafian
and port(e) ol ca//, and fixed ETA'â and ETO'a (Estimated Times of Arrival and Estimated
Times of Departure). A Ilner-veesel ia allowed to carry up to 12 passengers.
Fzoiph/e/a that carry cargoes accord/kg la schedules that are not fixed are called trampe.
Homeports, ports of deatinatlon, porta of call, ETA's and ETD's differ with eyery
voyage.
Merchant ships may carry gene/a/ oa/goes, bulk cargoes, rafrlgeialed c ar goes, fiasvy aazgoaa, firnbef,
and many many more.
aenerei c«rgo ehip»
General cargo Is cargo that has been packed in
crater, boxes or bags, or cargo coming In
pieces (unpacI‹ed ca/go Items).
Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vesael's
The conventional general cargo ahip has several
tweendecks, ao that th e a az goes lor the
various destinations can be reached and
diacharged without having \o remove cargo
for other destinations first.
Under the influence oi cargo-palletlzation the
“open freighter" was fitted with two or syen
three hatched side by side.
Both types of vessels, the general cargo 6hip and the open freighter, are becoming rather
obso/sis, since general cargo is more and more transported by vecsela that have been designed to
carry general cargo in containers.
GENERAL SHIP KNDWLEDGE - Tj$ses of
t&sse/s
Bulk Carriers
Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity.
Dry bulk cargo, such as grain, ore, /erti//zars, etc. is
carried in specially designed vessels with holds that
have been divided into compartments by longitudinal
and transverse separations, so that the ship's stability
will not be affected by a full cargo.
The holds oT these ships are often constructed in
such a way that they are self-trimming; this means
that the surface of the cargo is constantly made
egoa/ by special pumps in rolling circumstances or
when the vessel has a list.
Dry bulk cargo is loaded and discharged by cranes
with grabs o by pumps.
Liquid cargoes such 8s crude oil, petroleum, edible
oils, etc, are carried in tankers, for example in
Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC's), chemical
tankers, such as Lique1ied Petroleum Gas tankers
(LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural Gas tankers
(LNG carriss/.
Product tankers are small tankers that carry
different sorts of oils.
For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with
double bottoms. These spaces also provide
storage for fuel, lubricating oil and waters.
Tankers are divided into compartments by longitudinal
and transverse bulkheads.
Cotferdams are empty spaces between the tanks
and
in the double bottom. They serve as
s ep
arations to prevent liquids from leaking mom
one tank into the other.
Cofferdams o1ten serve as pump-rooms. Pumps
for loading and discharging the cargo may be
installed in these compartments. Tankers are often
loaded and discharged in the offing by means of
flexible pipes. This syslem of wet bulk handling
reduces the number of /aydays.
Container ships
Cargo that has been containerized is carried by
container ships.
Containers are most often measured in Twenty
Feet Equivalent Units [TEu's) and are sfoweo in a
cellular arrangement in Rows, Bays and Tiers.
The rows run abeam, or athwartship; the bays run
fore to aft and the tiers are horizontal layers. The
three- figure code on each container refers to this
stowage system. Thus, each container can easily
be found.
Container ships are sometimes equipped with their
own gantry cranes that load and discharge the
Bays, Rows and Tiers on a Container Ship
containers. Container ships may carry general cargoes, li q
uid cargoes or refrigerated cargoes.
The advantages of carrying cargo in containers are: short lay time because of efficient and rapid
cargo handling; few sievedores are required, less pilterage because the cargo has been stored in
locked containers.
Dry Bulk Carrier
Heavy-load vessel
Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and
carry extremely heavy cargo on the main deck.
Their most prominent leaturoo are very heavy
derricks (“booms"), masts and lifting-blocks.
Their cargoes, such as drilling platforms, engines,
yachts, trains, derelicts and wrecks, are loaded
onto the main deck, which is flat and free from any
obstacles.
A special way of oad ng and carry ng heavy cargo
performed by submerging the ship and have the cargo-
module float over it. She must be equipped with a
powerful pumping-system.
After pumping the ship empty the vessel will eme/pe again and will pick up the cargo.
Tlmber Carriers
Timber is a raw material mom which wood-products are
manufactured.
Vessels that carry timber can easily be recognised
by their tall derricks.
A timber carrier has been designed in such a way
that she can carry a tall deck cargo.
Her Plimsoll Mark is provided with a special timber
Load-line that indicates the maximum draft to which
she allowed to be loaded under certain
circumstances and in diflerent seasons.
Multi-Purpose Vessels
Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerised cargo are called multi-
purpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears
to load and discharge the different types of cargoes.
An OBO-ship has been designed to carry oil/bulk/ore. She has been subdivided in such a way that
oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.
Passenger Shipe
Passenger ships, such as cross-Channel ferries, have
been designed to carry passengers and their
vehicles on a prearranged route.
Their main features are more or less the same as
the features of the Ro/Ro vessels.
Cruise ships have been especially designed to
carry holidaymakers.
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Typas of Vessels 65
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of Vessels
- Assistance and Service
Vessels that render assistance and service have been designed to perform specific tasks, for example
assisting other vessels, or providing special services to navigafion.
A tug is a vessel that assists other vessels with
entering or leaving the port, tows an oil rig to its
position or assists with a salvage operation.
There are sea-going tugs and harbour tugs.
Their engines must be capable to develop enormous
powers.
The largest and most powerful tugs are often fitted
with Controllable Pitch Propellers (C.P.P.) that have
adjustable blades.
Their manoeuvrability will be enhanced even more by
bow thrusters and stern Ihrusters.
One ol the main features is that the all deck of a towing vessel is kept clear of all obstructions that
may
interfere with the towing-line.
A salvage vessa/ is a vessel that rescues other ships and their cargoes from loss at
sea. She must be equipped with heavy derrlcks to lift wrecks from the seabed.
A duoyage veaael places and maintains buoys. Her aft deck is flat and provides room to carry or
haul in the buoys with her hoisting installation.
A aurvey vessel performs mari'ne research. She is eq
uipped with oceanographic instrumsn\s to carry
out all kinds of measurements and assessments.
A supply boat supplies a// rips with sfores, spare
parts and supplies for domestic use.
Her aft deck must be flat.
Additional duties may include the towing of rigs and
extinguishing /ires, for which they must be
equipped with high-capacity fire-extinguishing
pumps.
A SAR-vessel performs Seorch an0 Rescue when
a ship is in distress. She must be capable to
develop high speeds and must be equipped with
the most modern communication equipment to
maintain contact with Rescue Co-ordination Centres
(RCC).
A Firetloat is a fire lighting vessel. She must have a
powerful fire-extinguishing system on board.
A pilot tender(or pilot launch) is a small boat that
may be launched from the pilot boat.
The pilot will embark the ship that has requested
pilotage from the pilot tender. She is often fitted with
a sheltered aft deck to prevent the pilot from getting
wst.
Supply boat
Pilot tender
c
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of Vessels
Types of vessels: tasks
1) Idioms
The italicized words In the text are given below in alphabetical order.
Find out what they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.
abeam
according to
bow thruster
broken stowage
consignee
contrary to
adjustable blades
Bulk Cargo
advantage bulkhead CPP
aft buoy crude oil
agreement buoyage vessel derelict
anchor cargo derrick
anchorage cargo items design
approach cargo handling equipment destination
assess channel develop
assesment
athwartship
avoid
bays, rows and tiers
circumstances
coastal trade
coPerdam
commodity.
discharge
disembark
disintegrate
distress
beacon compare divide
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of
Vessels
69
Idloma (nonffniiedJ
dlvlsion fertilisers inland waterways.
draft / draught fire fighting vessel
intermediate
due to firefloat
e.g. fore to aft launch
edible oils freight rates laydays
embark freighter layer
emerge General Gargo
limited length
enhance grab liner
entrance grain liquid
D
ual harbour tug list
equipped with a
refrigerating plant.
hateh LNG carrier
hatchways Load-lines
ETA and ETD Heavy-lift ship. loading and discharging
experienced hoist
loading gear
extinguish a fire home port
longitudinal and
transverse separations
fairlead humidity controis
fairway in the offing lorry
features influence
LPG carrier
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of
Vessels
stevedores
storad
strengthening
sub-marine cable
submerging
survay vessel
surveyor
TE U
three-figure code
Notes:
thus
tide
timber
to empty
trailer
tramp
transfer
transverse
tweendeck
tyres
upon arrival
vehicle
VLCC
voyage cnarter
vulnerable
72 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of
Vessels
2) Fill in .....
“Purpose she serves": give a short description of the purpose that the vessel serves.
Begin your answers with to". In this way a verb wilt be used
to indicate the vessel‘s purpose.
Example: to transport...." ; to assist.. "
"Feature(s) of design": give a short description of particular details of tne vessel.
Type of vesael Purpose she serves
- General Cargo Carrier / To
“Open Freighter"
Feature(s) of design
Dry Bu)k Carrier TO
Tanker
Container ship
S) Ro/Ro ship
To
Type of veaeel
Thg
Salvage veasel
Buoyage veasel
Survey ahip
Supply vessel
Purpose ahe serves
To
To
Feature(s) of design
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of Vessels
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEOGE - Types of Vessels 75
Type of vessel
Firefloat
Pilot tender
Cable leyer
Icebreaker
Dredger
Fisherman
Purpose she serves
To
To
To
To
To
To
Feature(s) of design
77 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of
Vessels
- What do the following abbreviations stand for?
"VLCC"
"LPG"
"LNG"
"Ro/Ro"
"Lash"
"SAR"
"RSW-tank"
- CD-ROM Tests: Types of
vessels Test 1: Fill in the missing
word(s)
78 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types at
Vessels
fi•III In (continued)
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
17 -
19 -
15 -
16 -
19 -
Test 3: Write down, discuss or do your own presentation
80 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Types of Vessels
GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE - Ger ra/ Arrangemart/
Pfao
Genera! ArrangementPlan •
6pacea and separations
The general arrangement plan show8 tha diviskm dl a efieel into compartments in cross sections and
longitudinal saotione
The compartments are formed by vertical separations (longitudinai and éanevezae buII‹heeds) and
horizontal separations (decks).
Thase compartments and spacee serve as storage spacea Ibr cargoes, sfores, egu$zzieri/, spare pens,
liqulds, etc., as accommodation epaces
lor paasenger8 and members of the
crew, and as ‘bomaafic z\paces", such as
ga/ley pantries, dispensary, etc.
The extreme fo ra end of the vassel is
called sfem. The extreme aft end ia the
Th e upper dook, or main deck \a, \
s often the deck that la axpoaed to sea
and weather.
That Is why the main deck is aleo
called tha 'leather deck*. In fact, it
provided a "shelter’for all ths contents
of the vessel. Tha foramo8t part of the
upper deck ia callad the /isrecas//a (b -
pronounced as
[fooksl]). Ita bulwark is called tha vauxhall. Tha anchor winches are situated on this deck.
Tha tweendeak(c) 1s the intermeaiaia d eckbetwean upper deck(a) and the inside bottom of the vaB8el,
called tanldop (d). The Meendack divides tha veaael into separate holda.
The upper holds and lower f›o/ds (e) are the spaces that contain the
Spaces for liquid GBI*goes are C8lled tanka.
Acceaa to a hold san be obtained through has ›ea. On freighiars th eaa hatches must be au/Bden
broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds.
The foremost and ahermoat epaces of the vesoel are the pea/r tanpa(f).
They may serve aa storage epaoes Ibr ballast water and are capabie of°absorbing"a part of the lmpact-
forcee that are released In case of a collislon.
The anohor atiain Is atored in the chain Iacker\q). It is situated over the ibre pealdank.
The uppar part ol the fore peaktank is called the boala ' am's(or baeun's) IoaI‹er(h), where ropes, paint
end dunnage are kep t.
Bulkheads are the vertical separaaons beMeeri holds and spaces.
The fore peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead (i) are the so-called colllsion bulkheads.
These transverse bulkheads are watertight and present the vesael from flooding in case the vessel
collides with an other vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-retarding or eYen fiieproof.
Apart from transverse bulkheads tankers are also fitted with 2 k›ngitudInaI bulkheads that divide the
v69GeI Into starboard- and port i'› i•td' »
nka and a sentre tank.
The engine loom §) 1s a watertight machinery space that contains the vessel's propulsion plant.
The steering engine mom(k) must also ba a watertight compartment and is very often situated over the
after pealdank (f}.
Due to large st/essas that occur under the engine room and peaktanks, add/f/bnaf sf/eup#›eri/z /s are
ohen inserted.
Tha double bottom {I) tprovidas strength and storage spaced for fua/, lubrlcafing oil, treah water, salt
(ballast) water and potable water.
To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into the other, k›r›{/itudinaI and transverse
separations are used between the tanks. These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called
cofferd
t>)
