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Nutr...iais - 26 centrarchids - largemouth bass, micropterus salmoides f, Notas de estudo de zootecnia

Faculdades Integradas Aparício Carvalho (FIMCA)zootecnia

Exigências nutrientes e alimentação de Finfish para a aquicultura - completo

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Centrarchids:

Largemouth

Bass,

Micropterus

salmoides

James H. Tidwell, Shawn D. Coyle and

Carl D. Webster

Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University,

Frankfort, KY 40601, USA

Introduction

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is the largest member of the North

American family of Centrarchidae, collectively known as the sunfish family

(Fig. 26.1). Because of their popularity as a sport-fish, they have been

transplanted across North, Central and South America, and Asia.

Research on this species has primarily focused on fisheries management

or hatchery production to sizes of ≤5 cm (Simco et al., 1986). In recent years

interest has increased in the development of methods for growing largemouth

bass to larger sizes used in correctional stocking of unbalanced sport-fish ponds,

for fee fishing and increasingly as a foodfish. Although poorly documented, it is

estimated that as much as 500,000 kg of 400–700 g (market-size) largemouth

bass are being produced annually in the USA for sale as a foodfish. Primary

outlets appear to be as a live product in urban, Asian markets, where they are

highly regarded.

In 1984, the US Department of Agriculture Joint Subcommittee on Aqua-

culture (JSA, 1984) identified a lack of knowledge on nutritional requirements

as a primary constraint on the profitable commercial production of the species.

Even now, the number of studies conducted and our state of knowledge on

largemouth-bass nutrition remain limited.

Nutrient Requirements

Protein and amino acids

The largemouth bass is a strict predator in nature. Carnivorous fish normally

require high levels of protein. Using semipurified diets, Anderson et al.

©CAB

International

2002.

Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture

374 (eds C.D. Webster and C. Lim)

A4122:AMA:Webster:First Proof: 18-Dec-01 CHAP-26

388

Z:\Customer\CABI\A4122 - Webster - Finfish\A4122 - Webster - Finfish #K.vp

Tuesday, December 18, 2001 11:07:43 AM

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Baixe Nutr...iais - 26 centrarchids - largemouth bass, micropterus salmoides f e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para zootecnia, somente na Docsity!

Centrarchids:

Largemouth

Bass, Micropterus

salmoides

James H. Tidwell, Shawn D. Coyle and

Carl D. Webster

Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University,

Frankfort, KY 40601, USA

Introduction

The largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) is the largest member of the North

American family of Centrarchidae, collectively known as the sunfish family

(Fig. 26.1). Because of their popularity as a sport-fish, they have been

transplanted across North, Central and South America, and Asia.

Research on this species has primarily focused on fisheries management

or hatchery production to sizes of ≤ 5 cm (Simco et al. , 1986). In recent years

interest has increased in the development of methods for growing largemouth

bass to larger sizes used in correctional stocking of unbalanced sport-fish ponds,

for fee fishing and increasingly as a foodfish. Although poorly documented, it is

estimated that as much as 500,000 kg of 400–700 g (market-size) largemouth

bass are being produced annually in the USA for sale as a foodfish. Primary

outlets appear to be as a live product in urban, Asian markets, where they are

highly regarded.

In 1984, the US Department of Agriculture Joint Subcommittee on Aqua-

culture (JSA, 1984) identified a lack of knowledge on nutritional requirements

as a primary constraint on the profitable commercial production of the species.

Even now, the number of studies conducted and our state of knowledge on

largemouth-bass nutrition remain limited.

Nutrient Requirements

Protein and amino acids

The largemouth bass is a strict predator in nature. Carnivorous fish normally

require high levels of protein. Using semipurified diets, Anderson et al.

©CABInternational 2002.Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture 374 (eds C.D. Webster and C. Lim)

(1981) determined minimum protein requirements of largemouth bass age 0

and age 1 to be 39.9% and 40.8%, respectively. Tidwell et al. (1996) found

that largemouth bass reared under pond-production conditions and fed a

practical diet containing 47% protein (Table 26.1) had higher harvest weight

and survival than those fed 42% or 44% protein (Fig. 26.2). To date,

protein : energy relationships for largemouth bass have not yet been adequately

evaluated.

Requirements of largemouth-bass for individual amino acids have not yet

been determined. Tidwell et al. (1996) reported that, based upon the amino acid

profile of largemouth-bass muscle, their dietary requirements for lysine and

methionine may be relatively high compared with other aquaculture species.

To evaluate this, Coyle et al. (2000) fed juvenile largemouth bass experimental

diets supplemented with L -lysine or L -methionine at levels sufficient to match

largemouth muscle compositions. After 12 weeks, growth was not significantly

affected by supplementation with lysine. The authors reported that the control

diet, which contained a lysine concentration of 2.8% of diet (6% of protein), met

dietary requirements for lysine. Supplementation with crystalline L -methionine

did not significantly improve growth, but significantly improved feed conversion

ratios, from 2.5 to 1.7. This may indicate that the methionine requirement for

largemouth bass is less than 2.2%, but greater than the 0.6% and 1.2% of the diet

required by channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) and common carp ( Cyprinus

carpio ), respectively (Wilson, 1989).

Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides 375

Fig. 26.1. Photograph of largemouth bass.

Lipids and fatty acids

Optimal lipid levels for largemouth-bass diets have not been determined. Tidwell

et al. (1996) reported that, for practical diets containing 44–47% protein, lipid

levels in excess of 8% should be evaluated for their potential protein-sparing

effect. Coyle et al. (2000) included 10% lipid in diets containing 47% protein and

reported good growth.

Although requirements for individual fatty acids in largemouth bass have

not been evaluated, as a freshwater fish, largemouth bass are not likely to have

requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most freshwater fish

can elongate and desaturate shorter-chain precursors. However, Tidwell et al.

(1996) reported that largemouth bass had very high levels of docosahexaenoic

acid (DHA) (22:6n-3) in eggs and muscle tissues – almost 300% higher than

levels found in the diet. The authors hypothesized that these levels represent

extremely high metabolic demands and that providing higher levels of preformed

DHA in the diet might represent significant metabolic savings and potentially

improve growth. Based on this, Coyle et al. (2000) evaluated elevating dietary

polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations for largemouth bass, using squid oil.

After 12 weeks, growth was not improved. However, increased levels of

polyunsaturated fatty acids produced a significant shift in body composition

toward a more lean body mass (i.e. decreased lipid and increased protein

concentrations), from 20.2% lipid in fish fed a control diet to 17.3% lipid in

fish fed diet with 4.0% squid oil. The mechanism controlling this shift in body

composition is not currently understood.

Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides 377

Fig. 26.2. Mean weights of largemouth bass, at different periods, fed three dietary protein levels (42, 44, 47%).

Practical Diets

There are not enough data available to formulate diets specific to any life stage of

largemouth bass. Unlike some aquaculture species, newly hatched largemouth

bass fry (swim-up stage) cannot be trained to accept prepared diets (Williamson

et al. , 1993). At this stage, they must be fed with live foods in fertilized ponds or in

tanks until they reach 2.5–5.0 cm. At this size, the fingerlings are crowded into

tanks at high densities and presented highly palatable feed items, such as fish eggs

or freeze-dried krill at frequent intervals (Kubitza and Lovshin, 1997). Although

carp eggs serve well as a training diet, their use as the sole source of nutrients has

shown them to be nutritionally deficient (Willis and Flickinger, 1981). Gradually,

a salmonid starter diet which has been moistened and softened with ground fish

flesh or eggs is mixed in with the natural training diet. Over the period of about

10–14 days, the fish are switched to 100% dry diet. Addition of commercial

attractants has produced some positive effects on the acceptance of dry diet but

not soft, moist diets (Lovshin and Rushing, 1989). Juveniles are then stocked into

ponds.

Currently salmonid diets are utilized during the first year of growth, due

primarily to availability rather than suitability. During the second-year grow-out

to harvest sizes (> 400 g), fish are also usually fed salmonid diets. Catfish diets

have been utilized, but have been found to be unsuitable. Commercial diets

produced for hybrid striped bass may be suitable if they contain more than 40%

protein and less than 15% carbohydrates.

Feeding Practices

After feed-trained fingerlings are transferred to fingerling ponds. Williamson et al.

(1993) recommended the following feeding rates for the first summer. Initially,

pellets of 2–3 mm in diameter are fed four times daily to achieve a total daily

allowance of 15% of estimated biomass. This feeding rate is reduced over the next

week to 10% of estimated biomass daily, where it is maintained for 30 days.

Thereafter, fish are fed at a rate of 5% of estimated biomass. All of these rates

should be adjusted as dictated by fish consumption and water quality.

Brandt and Flickinger (1987) recommended that feeding of largemouth

bass should continue as temperatures decrease, but at reduced rates. They

recommended 2.5% of biomass daily at 20°C, gradually decreasing to 1% every

5–7 days at 5°C and below. In the spring, feeding resumes as temperatures

increase above 8°C. Largemouth bass can be active feeders, especially in early

summer.

For larger fish, Tidwell et al. (1996) recommended the use of floating

extruded diets. Fish should be fed to satiation at least once daily. Field trials

indicate that feeding twice per day may be advantageous at temperatures

between 24 and 28°C. Figure 26.3 presents monthly diet consumption patterns

over a year period for largemouth bass under production conditions in ponds.

378 J.H. Tidwell et al.

Simco, B.A., Williamson, J.H., Carmichael, G.J. and Tomasso, J.R. (1986) Centrarchids. In: Stickney, R.R. (ed.) Culture of Nonsalmonid Freshwater Fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 73–89. Tidwell, J.H., Webster, C.D. and Coyle, S.D. (1996) Effects of dietary protein level on second year growth and water quality for largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) raised in ponds. Aquaculture 145, 213–223. Webster, C.D., Tiu, L.G., Tidwell, J.H., Van Wyk, P. and Howerton, R.D. (1995) Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of sunshine bass ( Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis ) reared in cages. Aquaculture 131, 291–301. Williamson, J.H., Carmichael, G.J., Graves, K.G., Simco, B.A. and Tomasso, J.R. (1993) Centrarchids. In: Stickney, R.R. (ed.) Culture of Nonsalmonid Freshwater Fishes , 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 146–197. Willis, D.W. and Flickinger, S.A. (1981) Intensive culture of largemouth bass fry. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110, 650–655. Wilson, R.P. (1989) Amino acids and proteins. In: Halver, J.E. (ed.) Fish Nutrition , 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 111–151.

380 J.H. Tidwell et al.